Pre-populate room data for quick filtering/sorting in the Sliding Sync API

Spawning from #17450 (comment)

This PR is acting as the Synapse version N+1 step in the gradual migration being tracked by #17623

Adding two new database tables:

• sliding_sync_joined_rooms: A table for storing room meta data that the local server is still participating in. The info here can be shared across all Membership.JOIN. Keyed on (room_id) and updated when the relevant room current state changes or a new event is sent in the room.
• sliding_sync_membership_snapshots: A table for storing a snapshot of room meta data at the time of the local user's membership. Keyed on (room_id, user_id) and only updated when a user's membership in a room changes.

Also adds background updates to populate these tables with all of the existing data.

We want to have the guarantee that if a row exists in the sliding sync tables, we are able to rely on it (accurate data). And if a row doesn't exist, we use a fallback to get the same info until the background updates fill in the rows or a new event comes in triggering it to be fully inserted. This means we need a couple extra things in place until we bump SCHEMA_COMPAT_VERSION and run the foreground update in the N+2 part of the gradual migration. For context on why we can't rely on the tables without these things see [1].

1. On start-up, block until we clear out any rows for the rooms that have had events since the max-stream_ordering of the sliding_sync_joined_rooms table (compare to max-stream_ordering of the events table). For sliding_sync_membership_snapshots, we can compare to the max-stream_ordering of local_current_membership
   • This accounts for when someone downgrades their Synapse version and then upgrades it again. This will ensure that we don't have any stale/out-of-date data in the sliding_sync_joined_rooms/sliding_sync_membership_snapshots tables since any new events sent in rooms would have also needed to be written to the sliding sync tables. For example a new event needs to bump event_stream_ordering in sliding_sync_joined_rooms table or some state in the room changing (like the room name). Or another example of someone's membership changing in a room affecting sliding_sync_membership_snapshots.
2. Add another background update that will catch-up with any rows that were just deleted from the sliding sync tables (based on the activity in the events/local_current_membership). The rooms that need recalculating are added to the sliding_sync_joined_rooms_to_recalculate table.
3. Making sure rows are fully inserted. Instead of partially inserting, we need to check if the row already exists and fully insert all data if not.

All of this extra functionality can be removed once the SCHEMA_COMPAT_VERSION is bumped with support for the new sliding sync tables so people can no longer downgrade (the N+2 part of the gradual migration).

TODO

• Update stream_ordering/bump_stamp
• Handle remote invites
• Handle state resets
• Consider adding sender so we can filter LEAVE memberships and distinguish from kicks.
  • We should add it to be able to tell leaves from kicks
• Consider adding tombstone state to help address Sliding Sync: Add is_tombstoned: false filter in the defaults #17540
  • We should add it tombstone_successor_room_id
• Consider adding forgotten status to avoid extra lookup/table-join on room_memberships
  • We should add it
• Background update to fill in values for all joined rooms and non-join membership
• Clean-up tables when room is deleted
• Make sure tables are useful to our use case
  • First explored in https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/compare/erikj/ss_use_new_tables
  • Also explored in 76b5a57
  • -> New tables utilized in Sliding sync: use new DB tables #17630
• Plan for how can we use this with a fallback
  • See plan discussed above in main area of the issue description
  • Discussed in an internal meeting
• Plan for how we can rely on this new table without a fallback
  • Synapse version N+1: (this PR) Bump SCHEMA_VERSION to 87. Add new tables and background update to backfill all rows. Since this is a new table, we don't have to add any NOT VALID constraints and validate them when the background update completes. Read from new tables with a fallback in cases where the rows aren't filled in yet.
  • Synapse version N+2: Bump SCHEMA_VERSION to 88 and bump SCHEMA_COMPAT_VERSION to 87 because we don't want people to downgrade and miss writes while they are on an older version. Add a foreground update to finish off the backfill so we can read from new tables without the fallback. Application code can now rely on the new tables being populated.
  • Discussed in an internal meeting

Dev notes

SYNAPSE_TEST_LOG_LEVEL=INFO poetry run trial tests.storage.test_events.SlidingSyncPrePopulatedTablesTestCase

SYNAPSE_POSTGRES=1 SYNAPSE_POSTGRES_USER=postgres SYNAPSE_TEST_LOG_LEVEL=INFO poetry run trial tests.storage.test_events.SlidingSyncPrePopulatedTablesTestCase

SYNAPSE_TEST_LOG_LEVEL=INFO poetry run trial tests.handlers.test_sliding_sync.FilterRoomsTestCase

Reference:

• Development docs on background updates and worked examples of gradual migrations
  
• A real example of a gradual migration: N + 3: Read from column full_user_id rather than user_id of tables profiles and user_filters  matrix-org/synapse#15649 (comment)
• Adding rooms.creator field that needed a background update to backfill data, Populate rooms.creator field for easy lookup matrix-org/synapse#10697
• Adding rooms.room_version that needed a background update to backfill data, Add rooms.room_version column matrix-org/synapse#6729
• Adding room_stats_state.room_type that needed a background update to backfill data, Implement MSC3827: Filtering of /publicRooms by room type matrix-org/synapse#13031
• Tables from MSC2716: insertion_events, insertion_event_edges, insertion_event_extremities, batch_events
• current_state_events updated in synapse/storage/databases/main/events.py

persist_event (adds to queue)
_persist_event_batch
_persist_events_and_state_updates (assigns `stream_ordering` to events)
_persist_events_txn
	_store_event_txn
        _update_metadata_tables_txn
            _store_room_members_txn
	_update_current_state_txn

Concatenated Indexes [...] (also known as multi-column, composite or combined index)

[...] key consists of multiple columns.

We can take advantage of the fact that the first index column is always usable for searching

-- https://use-the-index-luke.com/sql/where-clause/the-equals-operator/concatenated-keys

Dealing with portdb (synapse/_scripts/synapse_port_db.py), #17512 (comment)

WITH data_table (room_id, user_id, membership_event_id, membership, event_stream_ordering, {", ".join(insert_keys)}) AS (
    VALUES (
        ?, ?, ?,
        (SELECT membership FROM room_memberships WHERE event_id = ?),
        (SELECT stream_ordering FROM events WHERE event_id = ?),
        {", ".join("?" for _ in insert_values)}
    )
)
INSERT INTO sliding_sync_non_join_memberships
    (room_id, user_id, membership_event_id, membership, event_stream_ordering, {", ".join(insert_keys)})
SELECT * FROM data_table
WHERE membership != ?
ON CONFLICT (room_id, user_id)
DO UPDATE SET
    membership_event_id = EXCLUDED.membership_event_id,
    membership = EXCLUDED.membership,
    event_stream_ordering = EXCLUDED.event_stream_ordering,
    {", ".join(f"{key} = EXCLUDED.{key}" for key in insert_keys)}

INSERT INTO sliding_sync_non_join_memberships
    (room_id, user_id, membership_event_id, membership, event_stream_ordering, {", ".join(insert_keys)})
SELECT 
    column1 as room_id,
    column2 as user_id,
    column3 as membership_event_id,
    column4 as membership,
    column5 as event_stream_ordering,
    {", ".join("column" + str(i) for i in range(6, 6 + len(insert_keys)))}
FROM (
    VALUES (
        ?, ?, ?,
        (SELECT membership FROM room_memberships WHERE event_id = ?),
        (SELECT stream_ordering FROM events WHERE event_id = ?),
        {", ".join("?" for _ in insert_values)}
    )
) as v
WHERE membership != ?
ON CONFLICT (room_id, user_id)
DO UPDATE SET
    membership_event_id = EXCLUDED.membership_event_id,
    membership = EXCLUDED.membership,
    event_stream_ordering = EXCLUDED.event_stream_ordering,
    {", ".join(f"{key} = EXCLUDED.{key}" for key in insert_keys)}

INSERT INTO sliding_sync_non_join_memberships
    (room_id, membership_event_id, user_id, membership, event_stream_ordering, {", ".join(insert_keys)})
VALUES (
    ?, ?, ?,
    (SELECT membership FROM room_memberships WHERE event_id = ?),
    (SELECT stream_ordering FROM events WHERE event_id = ?),
    {", ".join("?" for _ in insert_values)}
)
ON CONFLICT (room_id, user_id)
DO UPDATE SET
    membership_event_id = EXCLUDED.membership_event_id,
    membership = EXCLUDED.membership,
    event_stream_ordering = EXCLUDED.event_stream_ordering,
    {", ".join(f"{key} = EXCLUDED.{key}" for key in insert_keys)}

Pull Request Checklist

• Pull request is based on the develop branch
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  • Start with a capital letter.
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• Code style is correct
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